Layer-1 blockchain Aptos has launched an optional Encrypted Mempool feature on its mainnet that keeps pending transactions hidden until their order is finalized, aiming to curb frontrunning and sandwich attacks. When users opt in, their wallet or app encrypts transaction details on the device, validators agree on order without seeing the contents, and they decrypt collectively once the order is locked. Sandwich attacks cost Ethereum traders about $60 million over the 12 months through October 2025, according to Cointelegraph's analysis, while Bitquery found they generated $29.7 million for Solana bots over 11 months. The protection has costs: encrypted transactions must pay a minimum gas price twice the network's base minimum, and add about 20 milliseconds per block in tests with 50 nodes.
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