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Guns, Growth, and the German Reinvention of Military Keynesianism

The article argues that in March 2025 Germany amended its fiscal rules so defense spending was de facto exempt from domestic budget ceilings, fusing European security and industrial crises into one bargain. German defense spending reached 86.5 billion euros in 2025, and the draft budget foresees roughly 750 billion euros for 2026–2030, versus 338.2 billion euros projected for France. The amendment passed the outgoing Bundestag 512 to 206 before the new chamber convened. The author says the less-discussed aim is to revive Germany's stagnating economy against “China Shock 2.0,” as Chinese industrial overcapacity pressures European manufacturing and Germany sheds roughly 10,000 industrial jobs a month. Many industries exposed to Chinese competition overlap with the capabilities needed for rearmament.

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Original headline: Guns , Growth , and the German Reinvention of Military Keynesianism

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